Big Horn
Stoneribs in Medicine Wheels
Copied from Site Files on 13 Dec 2009
BIG HORN Site: 48BH302
Type: Medicine Wheel - Group 2 Status: Badly Disturbed
Region: Wyoming, US Location: 44.8260N 107.9213W
Record: Aligned Plan (protected)* File: (protected)*
Site Plan & Local Topography:


View location in Google Maps/Earth:
Setting: Above the tree line on the highest point of a gently sloping ridge adjacent to Medicine Mountain.
- Big Horn and numerous stone circles are situated on the gently sloping western shoulder of Medicine Mountain. (Quigg 1984:228)
- There is a sheer precipice 20 yds west. The site is 9642 feet above sea level, at 107.9nnnW and 45.8nnnN. (Grey 1963a:30)
- On the highest point of a ridge adjacent to Medicine Mountain, which is to the SE. A spring is about a mile away. (Grey 1963a:31)
- Just above the timberline in the Big Horn National Forest, near a well-worn travois trail. (Eddy 1974:1035)
Description: A central 6m in diameter and 0.6m high surrounded by a roughly circular ring 25m in diameter to which twenty-eight (28) spokes radiate. Six cairns are distributed around the periphery, one on the ring the other five slightly external.
- Surrounding cairns are: 107 feet to the SE; 95 feet to the W of S; 277 feet to the S of W; 114 feet to the NW, 110 feet to the E of N, and 71 feet to the S. (Grey 1963a:32)
- Includes a central cairn roughly 4m across and 60cm high. 28 spokes radiate out to a 25m diameter flattened circle. Six cairns reside either immediately outside (n = 5) or just inside the circle. The cairn to the SW is connected by a spoke extending 3.5m beyond the circle. The single inner cairn opens onto two spokes radiating inward, and the SE cairn appears to have been avoided by the outer circle which seems to swerve to avoid it. (Quigg 1984:228)
- "A roughly circular pattern of stones laid upon the surface of the ground. In the center of the pattern is a hollow oval cairn of rock from which 28 radial lines extend to a peripheral circle. Around and near the peripheral circle are located 6 more cairns. Five of these are exterior to the main circle, while one is mostly interior. One of the external cairns is removed from the peripheral circle about 12 feet along an extension of one of the radial lines. Each of the cairns is hollow, and is in reality a more or less heavily walled circle of small size." (Grey 1963a:3Q)
- Once the rocks are stripped away, the central points of the cairns in Eddy's data are all on a 41.34 foot circle, with a standard deviation of only 1.4 feet. (Fries 1980:23)
- "The outer wheel is not complete, for on its eastern side the rim of the wheel is interrupted for about two and a half feet, and this interruption furnishes an entrance or gateway into the circle. The opening actually faces a little south of east." (Grinnell 1922:300)
- "The Big Horn wheel including the ancillary cairns along and immediately outside the wheel has remained relatively intact. The interior of the central cairn was apparently vandalized. As well, the various cairns appear to have deteriorated to varying extents since initial discovery. The area surrounding the Big Horn wheel has apparently been highly disturbed." (Brumley 1985:62)
- In an 1887 visit by George Griffin described the central cairn as a small house 12 feet high, and the outer cairns as small houses 3 feet high openned to the center. In 1894 the same individual had found the structure badly altered. (Fries 1980:22)
- "Because it has been disturbed by visitors and walked over and disarranged by wandering cattle, accurate measurements of it can not be given." (Grinnell 1922:300)



Nearby Features:
- There are two tipi ring sites within a mile. (Grey 1963a:31)
- Walled stone structures resembling stone circles and cairns are in the immediate vicinity. (Quigg 1984:228)
- Gives rough directions and measured distances to six irregular stone circles outside the border of the wheel, from 70 to 280 feet away. "That in ancient times it was a place of resort for great numbers of people is clearly indicated by a very old and worn travois trail... On this travois trail there are no signs of recent use, yet it is apparent that, in times past, multitudes of people must have passed over it." (Grinnell 1922:301)
- Apparently other features were originally located outside and in the vicinity of the Big Horn wheel (eg. Grey 1963a:32, (Brumley 1985:61) (Hunter & Fries 1986:7).)
- "people did camp near the wheel in considerable numbers. Tipi rings are abundant near the wheel, as are springhead campsites." (Wilson 1981:343)
- Brace lists 8 tipi rings in the vicinity. (Brace 1987:79)
Cultural Materials:
- Big Horn wheel was mapped and tested in 1958 by the Wyoming Archaeological Society, which dug two 33m trenches NW of the wheel. Cultural material was limited to the top 5cm. Excavations between the radial lines and the interior cairns were also done. Some wood remains in one cairn and red ochre-covered bone objects, pot sherds and stone artifacts were found. The central cairn excavation revealed three distinct soil layers, the second of which yielded some ceramic trade beads, a shell bead and a potsherd. The soil penetrated into a 60cm depression created beneath the cairn by removal of bedrock slabs. Further excavations in 1973 by M. Wilson revealed that the spokes were likely added after the central cairn, as there was 6cm of loess between the two. Artifacts included a few points and many flakes. The spread of cultural material indicated a dissociated level beneath the structure itself. (Quigg 1984:228)
- "Grey noted that although excavations produced numerous cultural items, they were all contained within a thin humus zone overlying a limey subsoil. No cultural stratigraphy could be found." (Brumley 1985:68)
- Two European beads and two pieces of wampum were found under one of the stones in the spokes. (Grinnell 1922:305)
- Dendrochronology and trade beads indicate a date around A.D. 1750. (Quigg 1984:228)
- Wooden limb found beneath the west cairn dated by dendrochronology to 1760 AD. (Grey 1963a:37)
- Clear evidence that the central cairn was much more deeply buried than the surrounding spokes by about 0.40m. (Wilson 1981:364)
- Finds Eddy's date of 1700 based on Aldebaran to be in error, and shows that 1270 to 1470 AD are more likely dates based on that calculation. Shows how the calculation has assumptions with enormous implications for the date, and dismisses its usefulness. Some rocks of the outer cairns seem deeply buried, and the fact that the ring swerves to avoid cairn C sugests that cairn existed in its present size first. Also, the joint circularity of the cairns suggest they are much older than the other features. Also notes that Wilson found the lichen growth on stones of the wheel to be less than some of the nearby tipi rings, suggesting relative youth of the wheel. (Fries 1980:23)
Design: Big Horn is the most famous, the most studied and perhaps the most dramatically located of Medicine Wheels. Its typically snowbound location evidences a narrow, midsummer occupancy/use season. Perhaps due to the harsh location, the features of Big Horn are bolder and more robust The shape and primary features are resonant with the Minton Turtle, although Big Horn does not exhibit an unambiguous entryway feature.
- Suggests that the hole beneath the central cairn and the presence of rotting wood suggests the pocketing of a wooden pole. (Grey 1963a:38)
- Hypothesizes use of a central pole for solstice-horizon observations, and viewing of heliacal star rises. (Eddy 1974:1038)
- Suggests the ring is flattened because it was made after the cairns, and avoided them due to their importance. (Eddy 1974:1040)
- "We can imagine that the Big Horn Wheel may have been originally used by a knowledgeable few who climbed to the site in June to mark the day of the summer solstice for an ensuing Sun Dance ceremony." (Eddy 1974:1042)
- It is possible that this one site has served several to many diverse functions, and could support as many of the theories which have become attached to it. (Wilson 1976:33)
- Several ethnographic accounts attribute Big Horn variously to the Shoshoni, Crow, Cheyenne and Kiowa. (Brumley 1985:63)
- Field and Stream, 45:269, 1895. "In the middle of it is a hut, also of stone, from which spokes radiate (like a wheel) to the circumference, there terminating in smaller huts. It is said that these smaller huts were, during the religious ceremonies, occupied by the medicine men of the different tribes, while the larger hut in the center was supposed to be the abode of Manitou. The wheel appears to be of great antiquity."
- "they believed in gods, chief of which was the sun, and consecrated their lives to them; and their eternal happiness will be complete in the great happy region where all is bright and warm. The great wheel, or shrine, of this people is eighty feet across the face, and has twenty-eight spokes, representing the twenty-eight tribes of their race. At the center or hub there is a house of stone, where Red Eagle held the position of chief or leader of all the tribes. Facing the northeast was the house of the god of plenty, and on the southeast faced the house of the goddess of beauty; and due west was the beautifully built granite cave dedicated to the sun god, and from this position the services were supposed to be directed by him. Standing along the twenty-eight spokes were the worshippers, chanting their songs of praise to the heavens, while their sun dial on earth was a true copy of the sun." Told to Allen in sign language by an old Shoshoni woman said to be the last of the 'Sheepeater' group. (Allen 1913:9)
- "Among the older Cheyenne the existence of the Medicine Wheel is well known. Some of them tell of one or more similar structures, or of pictures on cliffs perhaps made in imitation of it." Words of Grinnell. (Grinnell 1922:307)
- "Years ago, when I showed to Elk River Mr Simms's figure of the Medicine Wheel, he said at once that it was the plan of an old time Cheyenne Medicine Lodge. The outer circle of stones he said represented the wall of the Medicine Lodge; the lines leading toward the center, the rafters - or, as he called them, the lodge poles - of the Medicine Lodge; and the small circle in the center of the large one, from which the so-called spokes radiate, represented the center pole of the Medicine Lodge. He added that the building to the northwest of the entrance, and within the circle and touching it, was the place from which the thunder came; and by this I understood him to mean what I call the alter - the place in the Cheyenne Medicine Lodge which is especially sacred, and in which is the buffalo skull. ... the oval construction to the west and connected with the large circle by a line of stones occupies approximately the place of the 'lonely lodge' where instruction is given to the Medicine Lodge makers and from which the Cheyenne Medicine Lodge women carry the buffalo skull down to the Medicine Lodge which is in the process of being built." Words of Grinnell. (Grinnell 1922:64)
- Historical and legendary accounts of the use of Big Horn in vision quests. A famous legendary Crow chief performed a 4-day vision quest there, apparently. (Fries 1980:20)
- "Vision quests have long been an important feature of Plains Indian culture, and require the seeker to stay in an isolated and dangerous place of his choosing, which is often at high altitudes" (Fries 1980:21)
- Only cairns C, F and O are large enough to have been vision quest houses. (Fries 1980:22)
- "During this century, the Great Medicine Wheel has been and continues to be the site of an annual Crow tobacco-offering ceremony. This use of the wheel is probably a recent innovation." (Grant & Harrison 1981:65)
- Bilateral symmetry with the symmetry axis apparently solstice-oriented. The spokes and symmetry could imply an animal, perhaps a turtle or bison. (Wilson 1981:347)
- Account of Red Plume's vision quest experience at the site. If he is the same as Long Hair (died 1836) this is the earliest ethnohistoric reference to Medicine Wheels. Other vision quest uses are cited. (Wilson 1981:337)
- Discounts possibility and usefulness of a central pole within the site. (Wilson 1981:343)
- Suggests that if the solstice alignment of the symmetry axis is true, then "it would have been no more an observatory than was an everyday sunrise-oriented tipi or medicine shield." (Wilson 1981:346)
- The shared symbolism between Big Horn and sun dance structures, if it exists, doesn't prove related function. (Wilson 1981:351)
- Type D Medicine Wheel according to Brace. (Brace 1987:79)
- "the possible use of this site as a template for ceremonial consultation may be a more appropriate analysis. The partial use of the site as a boundary marker (Stands in Timber and Liberty 1967:124) also may suggest that the site was a neutral ground for bordering tribes during times of pattern review." (Brace 1987:75)
Media:
- Aerial photogrammetry as of 1981 (Grady 1982:n)
- Grey survey of 1963 (Grey 1963a:29)
- The Grey map distances are shown 15% too small; an unpublished transit map by Stockwell in 1917 is also wrong. (Eddy 1974:1037)
- Results of 1972 transit survey presented in table, showing cairn azimuths, horizon dip and dimensions. (Eddy 1974:1038)
- Grinnell survey of 1922 and ground photos. (Grinnell 1922:301)
- Eddy photographs - many other photographs from early times to modern are available with the US Forest Service. (Eddy 1977c:140)
- Ground photo from 1926 showing features and a stone wall built to protect the site. (Eddy 1974:1036)
- Aerial photographs. (Eddy 1977b:150)
- Cairn B photo of 1902 showing it as a 'house' and showing a buffalo skull on the E side of the central cairn. (Fries 1980:20)
- Ground shot from 1924 looking NE over the central cairn. (Fries 1980:21)
- Shot of the location viewed from the SE, and of the site itself looking south. (Wilson 1981:339)
- Shots from site viewing clouds and thunderstorm; photo of excavation area. (Vfilson 1981:363)
- Map of excavated segment (Wilson 1981:367)


Other References:
- Lewis 1941:105
- Mullory 1957:137
- Kehoe 1954:136
- Dempsey 1956:182
- Wyoming Archaeological Society 1959:94
- Wedel 1961:266
- Brown 1963:225
- Kehoe 1972:188
- Eddy & Forbis 1975
- Eddy 1976:30
- Kehoe & Kehoe 1976b:41
- Adams 1976:100
- Kehoe & Kehoe 1977:85
- Calder 1977:206
- Lahren 1979:95
- Dickinson 1979:21
- Kehoe & Kehoe 1979:34
- Ovenden I981b:371
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